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Monday, March 01, 2021

Apelyido ng Ina, Maaari Nang Gamitin ng mga Legitimate Children




MANILA, Philippines — MAAARI nang gamitin ng mga legitimate children ang apelyido ng kanilang ina bilang sariling apelyido ayon sa ruling ng Korte Suprema.

Sa 15-pahinang desisyon ng Korte Suprema na inilabas noong Pebrero 24, 2021 na isinulat ni Associate Justice Marvic Leonen, binaliktad nito ang ruling ng Zamboanga City Regional Trial Court (RTC) Branch 12 at ng Court of Appeals (CA) na nagbabasura sa apela ni Anacleto B. Alanis III na baguhin ang apelyido nito sa Ballaho.

Ayon sa petitioner, matagal na nitong ginagamit ang apelyidong Ballaho — apelyido ng kanyang ina na ayon sa kanya nagpalaki sa kanya at sa kanyang mga kapatid bilang solo parents.

Ngunit sa ruling noong 2018 at 2014, ibinasura ang kanyang apela dahil sa nakasaad umano sa Article 364 ng Republic Act No. 386 o An Act to ordain and institute the Civil Code of the Philippines.


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Article 364 of the Civil Code

Ibinase ng trial court ang mga naunang desisyon nito sa Article 174 ng Family Code na naghahayag: 

“ARTICLE 174. Legitimate children shall have the right: (1) To bear the surnames of the father and the mother, in conformity with the provisions of the Civil Code on Surnames[.]”
Ayon naman sa Article 364 ng Civil Code, nakasaad naman na “Legitimate and legitimated children shall principally use the surname of the father.”

Ngunit kinontra ito ng Korte Suprema at sinabing ang salitang “principally” sa nasabing mga provision ay hindi nangangahulugang “exclusively.”

“The Regional Trial Court’s application of Article 364 of the Civil Code is incorrect. Indeed, the provision states that legitimate children shall “principally” use the surname of the father, but “principally” does not mean “exclusively”,” ang naging pahayag ng ruling.

“This gives ample room to incorporate into Article 364 the State policy of ensuring the fundamental equality of women and men before the law, and no discernible reason to ignore it,” dagdag pa nito.


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Mga Batayan para mabago ang pangalan sa Pilipinas

Tulad ng binanggit sa kaso ng Republic v. Hernandez, may mga pagkakataong kinikilala sa ilalim ng jurisprudence na sapat upang mag-garantiya ng pagbabago ng pangalan, kasama na dito ang mga sumusunod:
  • “When the name is ridiculous, tainted with dishonor, or is extremely difficult to write or pronounce;”
  • “When the request for change is a consequence of a change of status, such as when a natural child is acknowledged or legitimated;”
  • “When the change is necessary to avoid confusion;”
  • “When one has continuously used and been known since childhood by a Filipino name and was unaware of alien parentage;”
  • “When the change is based on a  sincere desire to adopt a Filipino name to erase signs of former alienage, all in good faith and without prejudice to anybody;” and
  • “When the surname causes embarrassment and there is no showing that the desired change of name was for a fraudulent purpose or that the change of name would prejudice public interest.”
Sa petisyon ni Ballaho, inapela din nito na palitan ang kanyang pangalan mula sa Anacleto papuntang Abduhalmid. Sinabi naman ng Korte Suprema na katanggap-tanggap ang argumento dahil ginagamit na ang petitioner ang nabanggit na pangalan sa lahat na mga records at transanctions nito. Kinabibilangan ito ng kanyang mga scholastic records, employment records at lisensiya.

“That confusion could arise is evident,” ang naging pahayag ng ruling.

Tinawag din ng Korte Suprema na “unduly restrictive and highly speculative” ang konklusyon ng trial court na ang pagbabago sa pangalan “could trigger much deeper inquiries regarding [his] parentage and/or paternity”.

Napag-pasyadahan din sa desisyon na nagkalami ang lower court noong sinabi nito na ang mga legitimate children ay hindi maaaring gumamit ng apelyido ng kanilang ina dahil “it treated the surnames of petitioner’s mother and father unequally.”

“Whether people inquire deeper into petitioner’s parentage or paternity because of a name is inconsequential here, and seems to be more a matter of intrigue and gossip than an issue for courts to consider,” 

“Regardless of which name petitioner uses, his father’s identity still appears in his birth certificate, where it will always be written, and which can be referred to in cases where paternity is relevant.” ang dagdag na pahayag ng Korte Suprema sa ruling nito.

Dagdag pa ng Korte Suprema na nabigo ang trial court na ikosindera ang mandatu ng Convention, Constitution, at ng Republic Act No. 7192 sa mga dahilang iprenesenta nito. Ang mga ito ay nagrerequire sa estado na “take the appropriate measures to ensure the fundamental equality of women and men before the law.”

“Patriarchy becomes encoded in our culture when it is normalized. The more it pervades our culture, the more its chances to infect this and future generations,”

“The trial court’s reasoning further encoded patriarchy into our system. If a surname is significant for identifying a person’s ancestry, interpreting the laws to mean that a marital child’s surname must identify only the paternal line renders the mother and her family invisible,” 

“This, in turn, entrenches the patriarchy and with it, antiquated gender roles: the father, as dominant, in public; and the mother, as a supporter, in private,” ang pagtatapos ng Korte Suprema.


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